শিক্ষা আন্দোলনের পটভূমি ও বাংলাদেশ

wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg  I evsjv‡`k

W.†dviKvb Avjx

1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb Abymv‡i 1937 mv‡j fvi‡Z cÖ_g mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| 14 wbe©vP‡b Rqx n‡q Ks‡MÖm AvUwU cÖ‡`‡k miKvi MVb K‡i (†gvU cÖ‡`k GMviwU)| BwZc~‡e© Ks‡MÖm †bZviv A‡b‡KB wk¶v we¯Ívi wel‡q A‡bK K_v e‡j‡Qb, A‡b‡K RvZxq wk¶v cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbvi mv‡_I mivmwi hy³ wQ‡jb| GQvov RvZxq Ks‡MÖm wk¶v we‡klZ cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi K_v ejZ| bZzb fviZ wewa Abyhvqx wk¶vi wmsnfvMB wQj cÖ‡`‡ki Gw³qv‡i| ZvB cÖv‡`wkK miKvi MV‡bi ci wk¶v wel‡q wK wK c`‡¶c †bIqv hvq Zv wb‡q RvZxq Ks‡MÖm fvweZ n‡jv|

GB †cÖ¶vc‡U 1937 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m Iqva©v‡Z GKwU me© fviZxq wk¶v m‡¤§jb AbwyôZ nq| m‡¤§j‡b gnvZ¥v MvÜx cÖ`Ë wk¶v cwiKíbv wb‡q we¯—…Z Av‡jvPbv nq| MvÜxRx e„wËg~jK wk¶vi we¯—vi †P‡qwQ‡jb| m‡¤§j‡b AbywôZ Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ GKwU wk¶v cwiKíbv I cvV¨welq cÖbqY Kivi Rb¨ W±i RvwKi †nv‡mb‡K mfvcwZ K‡i GKwU KwgwU MwVZ nq| GB KwgwUi cÖ`Ë weeiYx‡Z †PŠÏ eQi ch©šÍ A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v Pvjy Kiv, eq¯‹‡`i wkw¶Z Kiv, Drcv`bgyLx I wkíg~jK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkï‡K wkw¶Z Kiv cÖf„wZ welq ¸iæZ¡ †c‡qwQj| 1938 mv‡ji nwicyiv Ks‡MÖm Awa‡ek‡b GB weeibx M„nxZ nq| cieZx©‡Z miKvixfv‡eI MvÜxRx cÖ`wk©Z wk¶v cwiKíbv ¯^xK…Z n‡qwQj|

QvÎ msMV‡bi f~wgKv

civaxb evsjv Z_v fvi‡Z wewfbœ mg‡q QvÎiv Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡jI we‡ki `k‡Ki Av‡M cÖK…Zc‡¶ QvÎ msMVb M‡o I‡Vwb| Gi c~‡e© Qv·`i D‡`¨v‡M †Kvb NUbvi cÖwZev‡` wKsev ZK© weZK©, ÁvbPP©v BZ¨vw` Kivi j‡¶¨ wKQz mfv-mwgwZi cËb n‡qwQj| †m¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri †¶Î wQj mxwgZ wKsev mvgwqK|¹⁵ ZvQvov mš¿vmev`x c‡_ fvi‡Zi gyw³ AR©‡bi j‡¶¨I A‡bK QvÎ wKQz wKQz mš¿vmev`x `‡j †hvM w`‡qwQj wKsev †Kvb Qv‡Îi D‡`¨v‡M mš¿vmev`x MÖæc MwVZ n‡qwQj| wKš‘ G¸‡jvi †KvbUvB Pwi‡Îi w`K †_‡K QvÎ msMVb wQj bv|

we‡ki `k‡K weªwUk we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfv‡e evsjvi wewfbœ †Rjvq †ek wKQz QvÎ m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| A‡bK †Rjv‡Z ¯’vbxqfv‡e QvÎ mwgwZiI Rb¥ nq| GB me mwgwZ¸‡jv weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_B g~jZ hy³ _vK‡Zv| mvaviYZ Gme mwgwZ mviveQi a‡i mwµq _vK‡Zv bv| Z‡e mš¿vmev`x, †bZv‡`i wiµzU †K›`ª wn‡m‡e G¸‡jv cÖvqB e¨eüZ n‡Zv|

wewfbœ †Rjvi QvÎ mwgwZi cÖwZwbwa‡`i GK m‡¤§jb KwjKvZvq AbwyôZ nq| 1928 mv‡ji 22 †_‡K 25†k †m‡Þ¤^i| GB m‡¤§j‡bB wbwLj e½ QvÎ mwgwZ bv‡g GKwU e¨vcKwfwËK QvÎ msMVb Rb¥jvf K‡i| mš¿vmev`x wecøex, Ks‡MÖmx, KwgDwb÷ me ai‡bi QvÎivB GB msMV‡b mg‡eZ nb| QvÎ bv‡g GKwU cwÎKvI msMVb cÖKvk Ki‡Zv| R‡b¥i Ae¨enwZi ciB Aek¨ msMV‡b wewfbœ g‡Zi aviK‡`i g‡a¨ bxwZMZ cÖ‡kœ weZK© †`Lv w`‡qwQj| Ks‡MÖ‡mi myfvl emy hZx›`ª‡gvnb †mb¸ß Dc`‡ji we‡iva, mš¿vmx Abykxjb-hyMvšÍi `‡ji we‡iva BZ¨vw`i d‡j msMVb `yBfv‡M wef³ n‡q hvq| GKfvM Avw` bv‡gB _v‡K, Ab¨fv‡Mi bvg nq e½xq cÖv‡`wkK QvÎ †dWv‡ikb| weªwUk we‡ivax we‡klZ wecøeev`x c‡_i ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b hy³ _vKvi Kvi‡Y ZLb QvÎ mgm¨v wKsev wk¶v mgm¨v wb‡q QvÎ Av‡›`vjb I msMVb `vbv euva‡Z cv‡iwb|¹⁶ XvKvq †m mg‡q QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡biB †ewk cÖfve wQj Ges ZrKvjxb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ myaxb ivq (†LvKv ivq) wQ‡jb QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi XvKv †Rjv KwgwUi m¤úv`K (1930 ch©šÍ)| Ks‡MÖm AvnZ 1930 mv‡ji 26†k Rvbyqvwi ¯^vaxbZv w`e‡m wek¦we`¨vj‡q ¯^vaxbZvi cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kivi Aciv‡a wZwb nj †_‡K ewn¯‹…Z n‡qwQ‡jb|¹⁷

1932 mv‡ji cÖ_gw`‡K KwgDwb÷ cvwU© cÖfvweZ QvÎ msMVb KwgDwb÷ QvÎjxM MwVZ nq| 18 GB msMV‡bi we¯Í…wZ Lye GKUv nqwb| †kl ch©šÍ evsjvq GKwU e¨vcKwfwËK QvÎ msMVb Movi j‡¶¨ 1936 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m KwjKvZvq GKwU QvÎ m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb Kiv nq| nx‡ib gyLvRx©i mfvcwZ‡Z¡ AbwyôZ †mB m‡¤§j‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wQ‡jb m‡ivwRbx bvBWy|19 A¨vjevU© n‡ii †mB m‡¤§jb †_‡K e½xq cÖv‡`wkK QvÎjxM bvgK GKwU HK¨e× QvÎ msMVb Kiv nq| Aek¨ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B GB msMVb mviv fviZ QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi mv‡_ wg‡k wM‡qwQj| fvi‡Zi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv AR©b, ivRe›`x‡`i gyw³, `gbg~jK KvjvKvbyb cÖZ¨vnvi, weªwU‡ki kvmb ms¯‹vi evwZj, †eKvi‡Z¡i Aevmb, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZwµqv we‡ivax msMÖvg BZ¨vw` ivR‡bwZK `vwei cvkvcvwk GB msMVb QvÎ mg¨v I wk¶v wel‡q KZ¸‡jv mywbw`©ó `vwe DÌvcb K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL †hvM¨ wQjt (K) wk¶v cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv KwgwU I AvBb cwil‡` QvÎ cÖwZwbwa MÖnY Kiv, (L) KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U QvÎ msm` MVb Kiv, (M) webv †eZ‡b eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wg¶v cÖeZ©b, (N) Qv·`i msMVb Kivi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi Kiv, (O) miKv‡ii wk¶v ms¯‹vi cÖ¯—ve cÖZ¨vnvi BZ¨vw`|

1936 mv‡j fviZ wfwËK QvÎ msMVb mviv fviZQvÎ †dWv‡ikb Rb¥jvf K‡i|²⁰ H eQ‡ii A‡±vei gv‡m QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi evsjv cÖ‡`k kvLv MwVZ nq| QvÎ †dWv‡ikb cÖ_g †_‡K wk¶v wel‡q GKwU Kvh©Ki Av‡›`vib M‡o Zzj‡Z cÖqvmx nq| msMVb GB Rb¨ †h `vwebvgv iPbv K‡i Zv‡Z D‡j­L‡hvM¨ welq¸‡jv wQjt (K) webv †eZ‡b cÖv_wgK wk¶vi e¨e¯’v Kiv, (L) cix¶vi wd kZKiv cÂvk fvM n«vm Kiv, (M) K¤úvU©‡g›Uvj cix¶vi wbqg Pvjy Kiv, (N) Qfv·`i Kg `v‡g eB-LvZv-KvMR mieivn Kiv, (O) wk¶v e¨e¯’vi Avgyj cwieZ©b I fwel¨r Rxe‡bi Dc‡hvMx Kvh©Kix wk¶v e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b, (P) wk¶v cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvq Qv·`i cÖwZwbwa‡`i e¨e¯’v, (Q) Qv·`i mfv-mwgwZ-msMVb Kivi AwaKvi cÖwZôv, (S) wk¶K‡`i Dchy³ †eZb `vb BZ¨vw`| GQvov ivR‰bwZK e›`x‡`i gyw³ I msMU‡bi Ab¨Zg `vwe wQj| 1936-37 mv‡j Dwj­wLZ `vwe‡Z evsjvi meKwU †Rjv‡Z e¨vcK cÖPvi KvR P‡j, msMVb M‡o I‡V Ges wn›`y-gymjgvb Qv·`i HK¨e× Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V| evsjvq Qv·`i g‡a¨ Gi d‡j mv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZi cÖfveI D‡jøL‡hvM¨nv‡i K‡g Av‡m|²¹

1937-38 Kvj cye© evsjvi wewfbœ †Rjvq QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi msMVb `ªæZ we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i| we‡klZ 1938 mv‡j Libvq e½xq cÖv‡`wkK PvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi m‡¤§jb‡K †K›`ª K‡i c~e© evsjvq QvÎ Av‡›`vjb †ek †eMevb n‡q I‡VwQj| wg¶v mgm¨vi mgvavb I ¯’vbxq mgm¨v mgvav‡bi `vwe‡Z ZLb QvÎ mgv‡Ri D‡j­L‡hvM¨ Ask‡KB msMwVZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| ZLb †hme Av‡›`vjb nq Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q 1938 mv‡ji †klw`‡K wek¦we`¨vjq KvjvKvbyb evwZ‡ji `vwe‡Z XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mvaviY QvÎ ag©NU| wn›`y-gymjgvb QvÎiv GB ag©N‡U AskMÖnb K‡i| QvÎ †dWv‡ikb GB ag©N‡Ui g~j D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwQj|22 GB mg‡q (1938) QvÎx‡`i‡K Avjv`v fv‡e msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨ QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi D‡`¨v‡M j‡¶èŠ‡Z mviv fviZ QvÎx m‡¤§jb nq Ges Mvj©m ÷z‡W›Um A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb (QvÎx msN) MwVZ nq| QvÎx‡`i‡K †`k‡cÖg D×z× Kiv, Av‡›`vj‡b wb‡q Avmv Ges bvix RvMi‡Yi evYx Qwo‡q †`Iqvi †¶‡Î QvÎ †dWv‡ikb I QvÎx ms‡Ni Ae`vb h‡_ó| QvÎx ms‡Ni A‡bK †bÎxB c‡i evsjvi bvix Av‡›`vj‡b D‡`¨vMx f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| wØZxq wek¦hy× ïiæ nIqv, `ywf©¶ m„wó Ges mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½v m„wó cÖf„wZ NUbvi cÖfv‡e I Gi d‡j m„ó cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z QvÎ †dWv‡ikb wk¶v Av‡›`vjb‡K we‡kl AMÖmi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| d¨vwmev` we‡ivax Kvh©µg, mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½v cÖwZ‡iva, `ywf©¶ cxwoZ gvby‡li †mev, ivRe›`x‡`i gyw³i Av‡›`vjb cÖf„wZ cÖ‡kœB †m mg‡q QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi KvR mxgve× _v‡K| ZrKvixb Ae¯’vq GUv Qfvov Avi †Kvb c_I Aek¨ wQj bv|

weªwUk Avg‡ji †klw`‡K AviI K‡qKwU QvÎ msMVb Rb¥jvf K‡iwQj| gymwjg jx‡Mi Abymvix gymwjg QvÎ jxM (1938), Ks‡MÖ‡mi Abymvix QvÎ Ks‡MÖm (1942) wQj Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| G `yÕwU msMVb QvÎ mgm¨v wKsev wk¶v wb‡q Av‡›`vj‡bi PvB‡Z gymwjg jxM I Ks‡MÖ‡mi ivRbxwZ wb‡q KvR Ki‡ZB †ewk AvMÖnx wQj| gymwjg Qv·`i Dci QvÎjx‡Mi †ek cÖfve _vK‡jI QvÎ Ks‡MÖ‡mi kw³ wQj G‡Kev‡iB bMY¨| weªwUk Avg‡j QvÎ †dWv‡ikbB wQj evsjvi GKK e„nËg QvÎ msMVb Ges wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb kw³|

Z_¨ wb‡`©k

1. H mg‡q PÆMÖvg wefvM Ges XvKv I gqgbwmsn †Rjv‡K Avmvg cÖ‡`‡ki mv‡_ hy³ Kivi cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡qwQj| GB †NvlYvi cÖwZwµqv wnmv‡e evsjvi wn›`y-gymjgvb ivR‰bwZK †bZv, Rwg`vi, ey‡R©vqv-‡cwU ey‡R©vqvmn mK‡jB cÖwZev‡` †mv”Pvi nb| MÖv‡g I kn‡i me©ÎB cÖwZev` mfv n‡Z _v‡K| ïay c~e©e‡½B `yB gv‡m cuvP kZvwaK cÖwZev` mfv nq| mviv evsivq 1903 †_‡K 1905 mv‡ji 16 A‡±ve‡ii Av‡M 3 nvRvi cÖwZev` mfv n‡qwQj| cÎ-cwÎKvqI H cÖ¯Ív‡ei weiæ‡× cÖPzi †jLv‡jwL nq Ges kZ kZ cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvwkZ nq| evOvjxi RvZxq HK¨ i¶vi Rb¨ GZeo msMÖvg GB cÖ_g|

2. Bs‡iRiv cÖPvi K‡iwQj †h, XvKv gymwjg cÖavb c~e© evsjvi ivRavbx n‡j gymwjgivB e¨emv-evwYR¨, wk¶v-`x¶v, PvKzix BZ¨vw`i me©vZ¥K my‡hvM cv‡e| d‡j gymwjg mvgšÍ-ey‡R©vqvi GKvsk Bs‡i‡Ri c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bq| GQvovI Bs‡iRiv XvKvi beve mwjgyjøvn‡K Aí my‡` UvKv `vi w`‡q e½f‡½i c‡¶ wb‡q G‡mwQj| DׄZ t i‡gk P›`ª gRyg`vi, c~‡e©v³, c„ôv t 22

3. e½f½ i` Kivi Av‡›`vj‡b mwµqfv‡e Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb L¨vZbvgv gymwjg e¨w³Z¡ †gŠjfx wjqvKZ †nv‡mb, e¨vwi÷vi Ave`yi imyj, Uv½vB‡ji Rwg`vi Ave`yi nvwjg MRbfx, ea©gv‡bi RbbvqK Aveyj Kv‡gk, ewikv‡ji Rwg`vi gyn¤§` BmgvBj †PŠayix, wewkó eyw×Rxex BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx cÖgyL| GQvov e½f½ i‡`i Av‡›`vj‡b mvaviY gymjgvbivI A‡b‡K †hvM`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| e½f‡½i GK eQi c~wZ© w`e‡m GB wefvM evwZj Kivi `vwe‡Z Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bi g‡Zv gymwjg cÖavb XvKvqI `yBwU wgwQj I weivU Rbmfv nq| †mw`b XvKvq e›`I cvwjZ nq| DׄZt Zvivc` jvwnox, fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg I mv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZ, cÖ_g ce© (KwjKvZv, 1986) c„ôv t 129-30|

4. ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡b weªwUk cY¨ eR©‡bi mydj †fvM K‡iwQj fviZxq ey‡R©vqviv| 1905-1907 mv‡ji g‡a¨ fviZxq Kvc‡oi `vg kZKiv 8 fvM e„w× cvq Ges weªwUk Kvc‡oi `vg kZKiv 25 fvM K‡g hvq| GB mg‡q UvUv †Kv¤úvbx 7 nvRvi †kqvi wewµ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB Av‡›`vjb fviZxq‡`i gvwjKvbvaxb cuywRZvwš¿K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K DbœZ n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i I DÏxcbv †RvMvq|

DשZ t †Kv Av‡¯Ívbfv I Ab¨vb¨, fviZe‡l©i BwZnvm, c„ôv 501|

5. weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmKiv Zv‡`i kvmb-‡kvlY Ae¨vnZ ivLvi ¯^v‡_© mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv‡K D‡¯‹ w`‡qwQj| 1906 mv‡i weªwU‡ki †cÖiYv‡ZB mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvev`x msMVb gymwjg jxM I kªxeviZ ag©gÛj MwVZ nq| weªwUk Pµv‡šÍ mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½vI †`Lv w`‡qwQj H mg‡q| AvBb cwil‡` mv¤cÖ`vwqK cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i e¨e¯’v nq 1909 mv‡ji kvmb ms¯‹v‡i| hw`I GB cwil‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Zv kZKiv GKfvM gvbyl Ges cwil‡`i f~wgKv wQj Dc‡`k `v‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve×| cieZx©‡Z 1919 mv‡ji kvmb ms¯‹viI 1935 mv‡ji fviZkvmb AvB‡bI mv¤cÖ`vwqK cÖwZwbwa‡`i weavb ejer _v‡K|

6. ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi mg‡q Jcwb‡ewkK miKvi cwiPvwjZ wk¶v cÖwZôvb Z_v †Mvjvg Lvbv Z¨vM Kivi Rb¨ Avnevb Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj| GB Avnev‡b mvov w`‡q A‡bK QvÎ wk¶v cÖwZôvb Z¨vM K‡iwQj|

7. ag© I bxwZ wk¶vi j¶¨ wb‡q 1902 mv‡j Wb †mvmvBwU cÖwZwôZ nq| Qv·`i g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg, RvZxqZv‡eva cÖf„wZ RvMÖZ Kiv Ges KvwiMix wk¶v, wk¶v we¯Ívi GB msMV‡bi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj| GB D‡Ïk¨ ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi j‡¶¨ we`¨vjq wk¶vi cwic~iK wn‡m‡e Ab¨vb¨ wk¶vi e¨e¯’v K‡i GB msMVb| †`kx wk‡íi DbœwZK‡í †`kxq cY¨ wewµi Rb¨ 1903 mv‡j GB msMV‡bi c¶ †_‡K GKwU ¯^‡`kx fvÛvi †Lvjv nq| e½f‡½i cÖwZev‡` ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb ïiæi c~‡e©B Wb †mvmvBwU ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ K‡iwQj| GB ai‡bi AviI A‡bK msMVb †m mg‡q evsjvq M‡o I‡VwQj|

8. kªx †MŠi`vm nvj`vi I kªx F‡Z›`ª Kzgvi ivq, wk¶Y cÖm‡½ wk¶vi BwZnvm (KwjKvZv, 1973) c„ôv 249|

9. kªx i‡gk P›`ª gRyg`vi, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, PZz_© LÛ, c„ôv 56|

10. kªx †MŠi`vm nvj`vi, c~‡e©v³, c„ôv-249|

11. cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ¶wZ cywl‡q †bqvi Rb¨ weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ fviZmn wewfbœ Jcwb‡ewkK †_‡K AwaKnv‡i A_© jyɇbi e¨e¯’v K‡i| d‡j kªwgK-K…lKmn e¨vcK gvbyl wbg©g †kvl‡Yi wkKv‡i cwiYZ nq| ZvQvov ¯^vawbZv msMÖvg `gb Kivi Rb¨ †h †Kvb e¨w³‡K †h †Kvb mgq †MÖßvi I hZw`b Lywk AvUK ivLvi weavb m¤^wjZ ivDjvU wewa †NvwlZ nq 1919 mv‡ji 18B gvP©| 1919 mv‡j †jvK †`Lv‡bv kvmb ms¯‹v‡i gvÎ kZKiv 1 fvM weËevbI wkw¶Z‡K †fvUvwaKvi †`Iqv n‡qwQj|

12. m‡Z¨b †mb, e„wUk we‡ivax ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g gymjgvb‡`i fywgKv (RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 1986) c„ôv- 157|

13. wk¶Y cÖm‡½ wk¶vi BwZnvm (KwjKvZv, 1973) c„ôv 252 Drm t Gm,Gb, gyLvRx©, wn÷ix Ae GWy‡Kkb Bb BwÛqv (gWvb© wcwiqW)|

14. 1935 mv‡j †NvwlZ fviZ kvmb AvBb Abyhvqx cÖ‡`‡ki ¶gZv e„w× Kiv nq| cÖv‡`wkK AvBb mfvi msL¨vMwiô `‡ji gš¿xmfv MVb Kivi AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nq| hw`I g~j ¶gZv _v‡K weªwUk Mfb©‡ii nv‡Z| GB wewa †gvZv‡eK kZKiv 12Rb gvbyl (weË I wk¶v Abyhvqx) †fvUvwaKvi †c‡qwQj Ges wbe©vPb n‡Zv m¤cÖ`vqMZfv‡e|

15. DwjøwLZ e³‡e¨i mg_©‡b KZ¸‡jv msMV‡bi Kvh©vewji D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| KwjKvZv wn›`y K‡j‡Ri wk¶K †nbix wW‡ivwRI KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ A¨vKv‡WwgK G‡mvwm‡qkb (1828) Gi mfvq ag©, `k©b, mgvR, BwZnvm, ivRbxwZ, †`k‡cÖg BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbv n‡Zv| Áv‡bvcvwR©Kv mfv (1838) wewfbœ wel‡q cÖeÜ cvV I Av‡jvPbvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Zv| me©ZË¡ `xwcKvi mfvq (1833) mvavibZ e½ fvlv Av‡jvPbv n‡Zv| ZË¡‡evwabx mfv (1839) eªvþ a‡g©i cÖPv‡ii Kv‡RB cÖavbZ e¨¯— _vK‡Zv| e½ fvlvbyev` mgvR (1850) Bs‡iRx MÖ‡š’i evsjv Abyev` Ki‡Zv| †e_yb †mvmvBwU (1851) ¯¿x wk¶vi w`‡K mvavibZ bRi w`Z| Wb †mvmvBwU (1902) wk¶v wel‡q AvZ¥wbf©iZvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡Zv| ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq Qv·`i Av‡›`vjb †_‡K wbe„Z Kivi Rb¨ Avi, WweøD, Kvj©vBj †h KzL¨vZ mvK©yjvi Rvix K‡ib Zvi cÖwZev‡` MwVZ nq A¨vw›U mvK©yjvi †mvmvBwU (1905)

16. m‡ivR gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fvi‡Zi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I Avgiv, cÖ_g LÛ (b¨vkbvj eyK G‡RÝx cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, KwjKvZv, 1985) c„ôv 12|

17. †LvKv ivq, msMÖv‡gi wZb `kK (RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cÖKvkbx,WvKv, 1986) c„ôv 4-5|

18. m‡ivR gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fvi‡Zi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I Avgvi, c„ôv 56

19. nx‡i›`ª bv_ gy‡Lvcva¨vq, Zix n‡Z Zxi (gbxlv, KwjKvZv, 1986) c„ôv 232|

20. QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi Rb¥ ZvwiL wb‡q †ek weåvwšÍ Av‡Q| QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi M‡elK †gvnv¤§` nvbœvb evsjv‡`‡ki QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvmÕ (1986) MÖ‡š’ 1936 mv‡ij cÖ_gv‡a© j‡¶èŠ‡Z mviv fviZ QvÎ †dWv‡ikb MwVZ n‡qwQj e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ Z‡e wZwb †Kvb m~Î D‡jøL K‡ibwb| Aci w`‡K fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi cÂg mviv fvi‡Zi m‡¤§j‡b (KwjKvZv, 1984) cÖKvwkZ ¯§iYxKvq 1936 mv‡ji 15B AvM÷ mviv fviZ QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi Rb¥ ZvwiL e‡j †jLv n‡q‡Q| m‡ivR gy‡Lvcva¨vq fvi‡Zi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I Avgiv (KwjKvZv, 1985) MÖ‡š’ G m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, 1936 mv‡ji 22†k b‡f¤^i jv‡nv‡i me© fviZxq QvÎ m‡¤§j‡b mviv fviZ QvÎ †dWv‡ikb MVb Kiv nq| Gi c~‡e©B 12B A‡±vei, 1936) e½xq cÖv‡`wkK QvÎ †dWv‡ikb MwVZ nq e‡jI wZwb D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb (c„t 104)|

21. m‡ivR gy‡Lvcva¨vq, fvi‡Zi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I Avgiv c„t 120|

22. Ávb PµeZx©, XvKv †Rjvi KwgDwb÷ Av‡›`vj‡bi AZxZ hyM, (RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 1987) c„ôv 22|(Pj‡e)