wk¶v
Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg I evsjv‡`k
(1947cieZx© wk¶v Av‡›`vjb)
W.†dviKvb
Avjx
1947
mv‡ji 14B AvM÷ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U| †mw`b
mv¤cÖ`vwqK wfwˇZ †`k wef³ nq| m„wó nq cvwK¯Ívb I fviZ| weªwUk we‡ivax msMÖv‡gi
GKkZ beŸB eQ‡ii BwZnv‡m (757-1947) cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vj‡bi eqm G‡Kev‡iB Kg| 1940
mv‡j jv‡nv‡i cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ nIqvi Aí Av‡M mv¤cÖ`vwqK wfwˇZ †`k
wefv‡Mi †bZvi cÖKvk N‡U| Aek¨ †MvUv e¨vcviUvB wQj mvgªvR¨ev‡`i GKwU weivU
bxjb·v| hvi wfwË ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj A‡bK Av‡M|
fviZe‡l©
Jcwb‡ewkK k„•Lj I mvgªvR¨ev`x †kvlY Ae¨vnZ ivLvi ¯^v‡_© weªwUk kvmK‡Mvôx G‡`‡k
M‡o IVv RvZxq gyw³ msMÖvg‡K Nv‡qj Kivi lohš¿ ïiæ K‡i| GB j‡¶¨ Zviv mv¤cÖ`vwqK
wfwˇZ G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K wef³ Kivi Ac‡KŠkj MÖnY K‡i| wn›`y I gymjgvb ga¨we‡Ëi Amg
weKv‡ki my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i Jcwb‡ewkK kvmKiv fvi‡Zi RvZxq gyw³ Av‡›`vjb †_‡K
wew”Qbœ K‡i †dj‡Z m¶g nq Ges Zv‡`i‡K ¯^Zš¿ c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i|2 wek kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z
Zviv mv¤cÖ`vwqK wefvR‡bi P~ovšÍ c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i| 1905 mv‡j mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv‡K g``
†`qvi Rb¨ evsjv wefvM Kiv nq| 1906 mv‡j weªwUk kvm‡Ki mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e
mv¤cÖ`vwqK-cÖwZwµqvkxj msMVb gymwjg jxM I kªx fviZ ag©gÛj (cieZx©‡Z wn›`y
gnvmfv) cÖwZwôZ nq| 1909 mv‡ji kvmb ms¯‹v‡i mv¤cÖ`vwqK wfwˇZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i
e¨e¯’v nq| 1919 mv‡ji kvmb ms¯‹v‡ii mv¤cÖ`vwqK cÖwZwbwa ¯^xK…Z nq| 1935 mv‡ji
fviZ kvmb AvB‡b wn›`y gymjgv‡bi Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vP‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| weªwUk
kvmK‡`i Øviv mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv jvwjZ I we¯Í…Z nIqvi c‡i fviZe‡l© weªwUk we‡ivax
msMÖv‡g wn›`y gymjgvb mvgwMÖKfv‡e HK¨e× bv n‡q ci¯úi we‡ivax Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i|
†k‡l weªwUk‡`i m„ó mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½vi cUf~wg‡Z mv¤cÖ`vwqK wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ
MwVZ nq nvRvi gvBj e¨eav‡bi `yB f~LÛ wb‡q cvwK¯Ívb ivóª|
fvi‡Zi
msL¨vMwiô wn›`y‡`i cÖfve †_‡K gy³ n‡q gymjgvb mvgšÍ I ey‡R©vqvi kvmb †kvlb
wbi¼zk Kivi j¶¨ wb‡q cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZviv ZLb AMÖmi n‡qwQ‡jb| 1947 Gi ci
cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmb ¶gZvq AwawóZ n‡jb mvgšÍ ey‡R©vqvi ¯^v_© i¶KivB| ZvB RbM‡Yi Dci
†kvlY Ae¨vnZB _vK‡jv| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Zv e¨vcKZvi I MfxiZiI n‡jv|
wKš‘
RbMY cvwK¯Ívb †P‡qwQ‡jb m¤ú~Y© wfbœ A‡_©| †kvmb-eÂbvi Aemvb, ¯^vaxbZv I
MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi cÖwZôv| RvwZMZ I mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv cÖf„wZ wQj RbM‡Yi
AvKvw•¶Z welq| cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi ci kvmK‡Mvôx hLb mv¤cÖ`vwqK, fviZwe‡ivax I
KwgDwbRg we‡ivax †køvMvb Zz‡j RvZxq BwZnvm-HwZn¨‡K weK…Z Kiv ïiæ K‡i,
mvgªvR¨ev`x-gvIuev`x-cuywRev`x †kvlb Ae¨vnZ iv‡L, RvwZMZ ˆel‡g¨i c_ AbymiY Ki‡Z
_v‡K ZLb m½Z KviYB c~e© evsjvq MYcÖwZ‡iva M‡o DV‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB †cÖ¶vc‡UB c~e©
evsjvevmxi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^v_© i¶vi msMÖv‡gi cvkvcvwk wk¶vi
msMÖvgI ïiæ nq| GB †¶‡Î D‡`¨vMx f~wgKv MÖnb K‡i QvÎ mgvR|
cvwK¯Ívb
cÖwZôv Ae¨ewnZ c‡iB cvwK¯Ív‡bi wk¶v e¨e¯’vi iƒc wK n‡e Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨
KivPx‡Z GKwU wk¶v m‡¤§jb Avn~Z nq miKvixfv‡e| 1947 mv‡ji 27†k b‡f¤^i †_‡K 1jv
wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ AbywôZ GB m‡¤§j‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi wk¶v e¨e¯’v‡K BmjvgxKiY Kiv| agx©q
wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv, ¯‹z‡j eva¨Zvg~jK D`©y covi e¨e¯’v Kiv| D`©y‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi
mvaiY fvlvq cwiYZ Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| Jcwb‡ewkK wk¶v e¨e¯’vi
Aemvb NwU‡q MYZvwš¿K wfwËi Dci wk¶v KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv †hLv‡b Riæix welq wQj
†mLv‡b cvwK¯Ív‡b agx©q mv¤cÖ`vwqK-RvZxqZv `jbKvix GK D™¢U wk¶v e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi
D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cieZx© miKvix wk¶v D‡`¨vM¸‡jv‡ZI Abyiƒc aviv
Ae¨vnZ Zv‡K| †mB mg‡q cvwK¯Ív‡b we‡kl K‡i c~e© evsjvq wk¶v‡¶‡Î †h wech©¯Í
Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj †m e¨vcv‡iI wk¶v KZ©„c¶ bxie _v‡K| †`k wefv‡Mi d‡j wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi
A‡bK wk¶K-QvÎ fvi‡Z P‡j hvIqvq m„ó ïb¨Zv, cÖ‡qvRbxq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Afve, wk¶vi e¨q
eiv‡Ïi ¯^íZv, wk¶v cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvq msKU, wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi evwo miKvix cÖ‡qvR‡b
wiKzBwRkb Kiv| A‡bK cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq eÜ K‡i †`Iqv| Avmevec‡Îi msKU, wk¶K‡`i
Avw_©K msKU BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y †MvUv wk¶v e¨e¯’vB ûgKxi m¤§yLxb n‡q c‡o| A_P wk¶v
KZ©„c¶ Gw`‡K bRi †`qbv ej‡jB P‡j| GB †cÖ¶vc‡U c~e© evsjvq wk¶v mgm¨vi mgvavb I
AvKvw•¶Z wk¶v e¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V|
cÖ_g
we‡¶vf
wk¶v
m‡¤§j‡b fvlv welqK wm×v‡šÍi cÖwZev‡`B cÖ_g Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V| wk¶v m‡¤§j‡bi
wm×všÍ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nIqvi w`‡bB (6B wW‡m¤^i, 1947) XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q GK
cÖwZev` mfv AbywôZ nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqmn XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi
QvÎiv GB mfvq †hvM †`q| gybxi †PŠayixmn wewfbœ e³v evsjv fvlvi Dci miKvix Avµg‡Yi
wb›`v K‡ib Ges evOvjx ms¯‹…wZ‡K AweK…Z ivLvi Avnevb Rvbvb| mfvq †hme cÖ¯Íve
MÖnY Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AskwU wQj t
Òevsjv‡K
cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi miKvix fvlv I wk¶vi gva¨g Kiv|Ó
mfvi
ci GKwU we‡¶vf wgwQj mwPevjq I gš¿x‡`i evmfe‡b hvq| we‡¶vfKvixiv cÖavbgš¿x LvRv
bvwRgDwÏb‡K evsjv fvlvi `vwe mg_©b Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i|
fvlvi
cÖ‡kœ Av‡›`vjb †eMevb n‡q D‡VwQj c‡ii eQi †deªæqvix gvP© gv‡m| cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡`i
cÖ_g Awa‡ekb (3iv †deªæqvix) 1948) evsjv‡K MYcwil‡`i Ab¨Zg fvlv (D`©y I Bs‡iRxi
mv‡_) Kivi `vwe AMÖvn¨ n‡j c~e© evsjvq Zxeª cÖwZwµqv †`Lv †`q|5 Zvr¶wbK
cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e 26†k †deªæqvix XvKvq QvÎ ag©NU cvwjZ nq| 2iv gvP© MwVZ nq
ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`| GB cwil‡`i Wv‡K 11B gvP© c~e© evsjvq mvaviY ag©NU cvwjZ
nq| GB w`b e¨vcK miKvix wbh©vZb I †MÖßv‡ii cÖwZev‡` 14 ZvwiL ch©šÍ GKUvbv
cÖwZev` Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| 14B gvP© Avevi ag©NU cvwjZ nq| †kl ch©šÍ cÖavbgš¿x LvRv
bvwRgDwÏb Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i `vwe gvb‡Z eva¨ nb| Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i mv‡_ 10B gvP©
cÖavbgš¿xi 8`dv Pzw³¯^v¶wiZ nq|6 Gfv‡e GK weRq AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g c‡e©i BwZ N‡U|7
¯’vbxq I Ab¨vb¨ Av‡›`vjb
1947
DËi wech©¯Í wk¶v e¨e¯’v‡Z A‡bK wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bB gvivZ¥K mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| Zv‡`i
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wecbœ nIqvi Dcµg nq| Avevi A‡bK †¶‡Î wk¶K-Kg©PvixivI wb‡R‡`i euvPvi c_
iƒ× †`‡L| GB Ae¯’vq QvÎ-wk¶K-Kg©Pvixiv Av‡›`vj‡b bvg‡Z eva¨ nb| fvlv Av‡›`vjb
ïiæ nIqvq wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi wKsev wk¶vi mv‡_ mswkøó‡`i Av‡›`vjb †eMevb nIqvi
AwaKZi my‡hvM cvq| Avevi GB Av‡›`vjb¸‡jvi d‡jI cieZx©‡Z fvlv Av‡›`vjb I RvZxq
AwaKv‡ii msMÖvg evowZ kw³ mÂq Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
1948
mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m XvKv †gwWK¨v‡ji QvÎiv ¯’vbxq `vwe wb‡q Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡gb| 18B
GwcÖj †_‡K ïiæ nq Abkb ag©NU| mv‡_ mv‡_ P‡j ¯^v¯’¨gš¿x I K‡jR nvmcvZvj KZ©„c‡¶i
`߇i we‡¶vf| 27†k GwcÖj weRq AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡›`vj‡bi mgvß N‡U| †gwWK¨vj
Qv·`i D‡`¨v‡M GKwU e¨vcKwfwËK Av‡›`vjb Aek¨ M‡o I‡V 1951 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m|
msw¶ß Gg.we.we.Gm. †Kvm© cÖeZ©b I †gwWK¨vj ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡K K‡j‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi
`vwe‡Z 20†k Rvbyqvwi (1951) †_‡K †gwWK¨vj QvÎ ag©NU ïiæ nq| Zv‡`i `vwei mg_©‡b
15B †deªæqvix XvKv kn‡i QvÎ ag©NU ïiæ nq| Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bI Abyiƒc QvÎ ag©NU I
mfv-we‡¶vf Pj‡Z _v‡K| 18B gvP© mviv‡`‡k QvÎ ag©NU cvwjZ nq| Ae‡k‡l miKvi
`vwegvbvi Avk¦vm w`‡j (9 †g, 1948) ag©N‡Ui Aemvb N‡U|
XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K msKU I QvÎ Rxe‡bi bvbvwea mgm¨v mgvav‡bi `vwe‡Z 1948 mv‡ji
30†k Ryb GK QvÎmfv AbywôZ nq| mfvq GKwU msMÖvg cwil`I MwVZ nq| mg mg‡q c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg QvÎjx‡Mi c¶ †_‡KI GKwU ¯§viKwjwc cÖ`vb Kiv nq hv‡Z wk¶K‡`i †eZb
e„w×, PvKixi †gqv` I my‡hvM myweav e„w×, wk¶K‡`i k~b¨ c‡`‡hvM¨ †jvK wb‡qvM
cÖf„wZ `vwe ¯’vb cvq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Av‡›`vjb ZxeªZi n‡qwQj 1949 mv‡ji gvP©
gv‡m| wek¦we`¨vjq wbgœ †eZbfy³ Kg©Pvixiv †eZb-fvZv e„w×mn euvPvi `vwe‡Z 3iv
gvP© (1949) †_‡K ag©NU ïiæ Ki‡j wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎiv we‡kl K‡i QvÎ †dWv‡ikb I
QvÎjxM Zv‡`i c‡¶ Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i| QvÎiv Kg©Pvix‡`i mg_©‡b we‡¶vf ag©NU Ae¨vnZ
iv‡L| KZ©„c¶ wek¦we`¨vjq eÜ K‡i I 27Rb Qv‡Îi weiæ‡× kvw¯Íi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i|8
Gi cÖwZev‡` 17B GwcÖj mviv c~e© evsjvq QvÎ ag©NU, 18I 20†k GwcÖj XvKvq QvÎ
ag©NU I 25†k GwcÖj mvaviY ag©NU cvwjZ nq| †klw`‡b Qv·`i mv‡_ miKvix Kg©Pvix I
RbMY ivRc‡_ †b‡gwQ‡jb| Hw`b QvÎ-RbZvi mgv‡e‡k cywjk nvgjv K‡i I A‡bK‡K †MÖßvi
K‡i|
1948
mv‡ji 15B b‡f¤^i agx©q Db¥v`bv m„wóKvix cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK‡Mvôxi Mv‡j P‡UNvZ K‡i
XvKv kn‡i QvÎx‡`i GK eo wgwQj †ei nq ivRc‡_| B‡Wb ¯‹zj Kvgiæ‡bœQv ¯‹zj GKÎxKiY
evwZj, eiLv¯ÍK…Z wk¶Îx‡`i cybwb‡qvM, Mixe QvÎx‡`i e„wË cÖ`vb, QvÎx‡`i hvZvqv‡Zi
e¨e¯’v Kiv-cÖf„wZ `vwe‡Z QvÎxiv ag©NU K‡i Ges mwPevjq ch©šÍ wM‡q we‡¶vf cÖ`k©b
K‡i| c‡i we‡¶vfKvixiv cÖavbgš¿x b~iæj Avwg‡bi mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡i| QvÎx‡`i ag©NU wZb
mßvn ¯’vqx nq Ges wk¶vgš¿xi Avk¦v‡mi ci 6B wW‡m¤^i Zv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq|
QvÎx‡`i
ag©NU ïiæi wZbw`b ci †_‡K XvKv B›UviwgwW‡qU (XvKv K‡jR) K‡j‡Ri QvÎiv ag©N‡Ui
cÖ¯‘wZ †bq| wmwÏK evRv‡ii AveR©bvgq ¯’vb †_‡K K‡jR ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i cÖ_g †kªYxi
K‡j‡R DbœxZ Kiv, evwYR¨ wefvM ¯’vqx Kiv, Qv·`i Rb¨ wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Kiv cÖf„wZ
`vwe‡Z QvÎiv 24†k b‡f¤^i †_‡K ag©NU, 27†k b‡f¤^i †_‡K Abkb ag©NU I we‡¶vf
mgv‡ek ïiæ K‡i| XvKv K‡jR I B‡W‡bi Av‡›`vj‡bi mg_©‡b XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq I XvKv
kn‡i QvÎ we‡¶vf AbywôZ nq Ges XvKv kn‡i 27†k b‡f¤^i mvaviY QvÎ ag©NU cvwjZ nq|
cÖavb gš¿x KZ©„K `vwe †g‡b †bIqvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 30†k b‡f¤^i †_‡K ag©NU cÖZ¨vnvi
Kiv nq|
PÆMÖvg,
ivRkvnx, wm‡jU cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡bI wk¶v cÖwZôvb wiKyBwRkb K‡i miKvix Awdm wKsev
mvgwiK e¨vivK Kivi cÖwZev‡` QvÎ-QvÎxiv ivRc‡_ †b‡g Av‡m Ges A‡bKw`b ch©šÍ Av‡›`vjb
Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|
c~e©
evsjvq wk¶K mgvRI GB mg‡q Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡gb| ¯^í †eZb (gvwmK 15/20 UvKv), wbqwgZ
†eZb †`qv bv (2/3 eQiI KviI KviI evwK), ¯‹zj DwV‡q †`qvi cwiKíbv BZ¨vw`i weiæ‡×
cÖv_wgK wk¶Kiv cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi ci †_‡KB msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvb| 1948 mv‡j mwjgyjøvn
n‡j m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ n‡q Zviv ag©N‡Ui A¯¿ cÖ‡qvM Kivi wm×všÍ †bb| eûevi miKvix
Avk¦vm cvIqvi ci cÖ¯ÍvweZ GB ag©NU wcQv‡Z wcQv‡Z †k‡l 1951 mv‡ji 4-6 gvP© cvwjZ
nq cÖZxK ag©NU| 1jv GwcÖj †_‡K ïiæ nq Aweivg ag©NU| wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK-hye-PvÎ msMV‡bi
mg_©b wb‡q 2iv Ryb ch©šÍ GB ag©NU P‡j| ïay cÖvBgvix wk¶K bq, wek¦we`¨vjqmn
wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii wk¶KivI GB mg‡q wbR wbR `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib| ïay
`vwe Av`vq bq, wk¶v mgm¨v I fvlv weZK© Aemvb K‡i gvZ…fvlvi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨I
Zviv e³e¨ Dcw¯’Z K‡ib|9
GB
mg‡q mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨¯Í‡ii gvbylI msMÖv‡g AeZxY© nb| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Kg©Pvixiv 8
†_‡K 24†k GwcÖj ch©šÍ (1948) ag©NU K‡ib| weµq Ki e„w×i cÖwZev‡` XvKvq 26†k GwcÖj,
1948 ag©NU nq| 14B RyjvB, 1948 XvKvq cywjk ag©NU AbywôZ nq| ˆmwbK‡`i ¸wj‡Z
K‡qKRb cywjk wbnZ nb| G Qvov wewfbœ ¯’v‡b K…lK Av‡›`vjbI wKQz wKQz we¯Í…Z
n‡qwQj|10
(
Pj‡e)
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