পঁচাত্তর পরবর্তী শিক্ষা আন্দোলন

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XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ wefvM I Abyl‡`i QvÎ-QvÎxiv GB mg‡q wbR¯^ `vex `vIqv wb‡q †ek K‡qKevi Av‡›`vj‡b †b‡gwQ‡jb| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q AvBb Abyl` I mgvRKj¨vY wefv‡Mi QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Av‡›`vjb| AvBb Abyl‡`i m¤§vb Qv·`i wk¶v †Kv‡m©i †gqv` ew„× Ges mœvZK cvk Kivi ci hviv AvBb e¨emv‡q hvq Zv‡`i mgqmxgv 6 gv‡mi e`‡j 18 gvm Kivi cÖwZev‡`1977 mv‡j Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| H eQi †m‡Þ¤^i-A‡±vei gv‡m †gvU 24 w`b XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq AvBb Abyl‡`i QvÎiv K¬vk eR©b K‡i| mgvRKg©‡K †ckv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ`v‡bi `vwe‡Z XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq mgvRKj¨vY wefvM I ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq mgvRKg© wefv‡Mi QvÎiv 1977 mv‡j †m‡Þ¤^i-A‡±vei gv‡m 2 gvm ag©NU cvjb K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wefvM Abyl‡`i wewfbœ wefv‡MI GB mg‡q wbR¯^ `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj|

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ïay QvÎivB bq wk¶‡KivI GB mg‡q wewfbœ `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vj‡b kvwgj nb| miKvix gva¨wgK wkÿKiv †eZb-fvZv e„w×mn mvZ `dv `vwe‡Z A‡bK †`b `ievi, Av‡e`b-wb‡e`b, wgwUs-wgwQj K‡i †kl ch©šÍ 1978 mv‡ji A‡±vei †_‡K ag©N‡U †h‡Z eva¨ nb| 170wU miKvix ¯‹zz‡ji wk¶K‡`i ag©NU `yB gvm ¯’vqx n‡qwQj| cÖvq mgmvgwqK Kv‡jB †`‡ki 17wU cwj‡UKwbK BbwówUD‡Ui wk¶Kiv †ckvMZ `vwe `vIqv Av`v‡qi j‡¶¨ ag©NU ïiæ K‡ib| †emiKvix gva¨wgK wk¶K I Kg©Pvixiv 7 `dv `vwe‡Z AvM÷ gv‡m (1978) Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡gb| Aek¨ miKvix Avk¦v‡mi †cÖw¶‡Z Zv‡`i ag©NU cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv n‡qwQj| miKvix K‡j‡Ri wk¶Kiv ag©NU ïiæ K‡ib H eQ‡ii wW‡m¤^i †_‡K| H mg‡q GKUvbv 54 w`b Ges 1979 Gi †kl †_‡K 8-0 Gi cÖ_g ch©šÍ GKUvbv 83 w`b Zviv ag©NU Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| 1975 DËiKv‡j wek¦we`¨vjq ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Dci †h AvNvZ Avmv ïiæ K‡i Zvi weiæ‡×, me wek¦we`¨vj‡q GB AwaKvi cÖeZ©‡bi `vwe‡Z Ges †eZb-fvZv e„w×mn wbR¯^ `vwe ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶KivI GB mgqKvj †_‡K Av‡›`vjb ZxeªZi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|

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ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi NUbv wb‡q msMÖvg

¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax e¨w³Z¡ W. Gg.G evix‡K ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© wb‡qvM Kivi ci †_‡K QvÎ mgvR Zvi c`Z¨vM `vex K‡i AvmwQj| wek¦we`¨vjq GjvKvq Aew¯’Z ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi mgqKvi MYKe‡i Pvlvev` ïiæ n‡j DcvPvh© we‡ivax we‡¶vf Zy‡½ I‡V| 1978 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m msNwUZ GKwU AcÖxwZKi NUbv cwiw¯’wZ‡K AwMœMf© K‡i Zz‡j| BD.I.wU.wmÕi KRb nvwej`v‡ii nv‡Z wek¦we`¨vjq‡qi GKRbQvÎ cÖüZ nIqvq ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ-QvÎxiv HK¨e×fv‡e we‡¶v‡f AeZxY© nq| GK ch©v‡q DcvPvh©‡K †NivI Kiv nq Ges (4Vv b‡f¤^i 1978) DcvPvh© I †iwRóªvi‡K c`Z¨v‡M eva¨ Kiv nq| Aek¨ miKv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax‡`i cybe©vmb Kg©m~Pxi Ask ¯^iƒc GB c`Z¨vM M„nxZ nq bv| eis GKRb K‡Y©‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ NUbvi Z`šÍ cÖnmb ïiæ nq Ges wek¦we`¨vjq GjvKvq wecyjmsL¨K cywjk †gvZv‡qb Kiv nq| 6B b‡f¤^i †_‡K wek¦we`¨vjq eÜ †NvlYv Kiv nq| d‡j Qv·`i g‡a¨ we‡¶vf ZxeªZi n‡Z _v‡K|

25†k Rvbyqvix (1979) wek¦we`¨vjq †Lvjvi ci Avevi QvÎ we‡¶vf ïiæ nq| 6wU msMVb wg‡j msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq|5 msMÖvg cwil‡`i D‡`¨v‡M ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q W. evixi c`Z¨vMI QvÎRxe‡bi Riæix mgm¨vi mgvavb BZ¨vw` `vwe‡Z iwPZ cuvP `dvi wfwˇZ msMÖvg ïiæ nq| mfv-mgv‡ek-ag©NU BZ¨vw` Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡gI hLb AvKvw•¶Z dj cvIqv †Mjbv ZLb eva¨ n‡q MY-Abk‡bi Kg©m~Px †NvlYv Kiv nq| 17B gvP© †_‡K wek¦we`¨vjq AvgZjvq 9Rb QvÎxmn 48Rb Abkb ag©NU ïiæ K‡i| cieZx©‡Z K‡qKk QvÎ-QvÎx GB MY Abk‡b †hvM`vb K‡i| wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶K mwgwZ Qv·`i GB Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡i Ges ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q `vwe †g‡b †bqvi AvnŸvb Rvbvq| 19†k gvP© `yB Rb gš¿xi mv‡_ QvÎ-wk¶K‡`i Av‡jvPbv AbwyôZ nq|6 wKš‘ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l AZwK©‡Z kZ kZ QvÎ-wk¶K‡`i Dci nvgjv Pvjvq| K‡qKRb wk¶Kmn kZvwaK AvnZ nb Ges A‡bK‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| cywjk evwnbx nvgjvi mg‡q ¸jxel©YI K‡iwQj|7 20†k gvP© ivRkvnx †Rjv cÖkvmK wek¦we`¨vjq eÜ †NvlYv K‡ib|

ivRkvnxi GB ee©i NUbvi cÖwZev‡` XvKvmn mviv‡`k M‡R© I‡V| XvKvq 5wU QvÎ msMVb wg‡j †K›`ªxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq|8 21†k gvP© XvKvq mdj QvÎ ag©NU cvwjZ nq| Hw`b XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq eUZjvq mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji e„nËg ggv‡ek AbywôZ nq| mfvq e³…Zv K‡ib QvÎ BDwbqb mfvcwZ KvRx AvKivg †nv‡mb, QvÎjxM mfvcwZ Ievq`yj Kv‡`i, PvÎ jxM(gvbœv) mfvcwZ gvngy`yi ingvb gvbœv Ges QvÎ mwgwZi mvaviY m¤ú`vK Avey gyQv †gvt nvmvb| mfvq M„nxZ cÖ¯Ív‡e ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© I †iwR÷ªv‡ii c`Z¨vM| †MÖdZviK…Z‡`i gyw³&, &nZvnZ‡`i ch©vß ¶wZc~iY `vb, ivRkvnx‡Z Dcw¯’Z `yBRb gš¿xi c`Z¨vM| NUbvi wePvi wefvMxq Z`šÍ Ges miKvi cÖ`Ë wg_¨v †cÖm‡bvU cÖZ¨vnv‡ii `vwe Kiv nq| mgv‡ek †k‡l wekvj cÖwZev` wgwQj evqZzj †gvKvii‡g hvq| wKš‘ †mLv‡bI ¸jxel©Y Kiv nq Ges 31Rb‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq|9 GB nvgjvevRxi cÖwZev‡` ciw`b †`ke¨vcx QvÎ ag©NU AvnŸvb Kiv nq|

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1. ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax W. evix Ges †iwRóªv‡i AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| Awej‡¤^ ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq Ly‡j w`‡Z n‡e| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b cywjk cÖ‡ek wbwl× K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K cywjk K¨v¤ú DwV‡q wb‡Z n‡e| 20†k gvP© ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q ¸jx  el©‡bi wePvi wefvMxq Z`šÍ Ki‡Z n‡e I ¸jxel©Y I nvgjvi Rb¨ `vqx e¨w³‡`i kvw¯Íi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| AvnZ QvÎ-wk¶K‡`i mywPwKrmvi e¨e¯’vI Zv‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e| †MÖdZviK…Z Qv·`i gyw³ w`‡Z n‡e I wg_¨v gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Hw`b ivRkvnx‡Z Dcw¯’Z Rbkw³ gš¿x I wk¶v cÖwZgš¿x Ges ¯^ivóªgš¿x c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. ¯‹z‡ji cvV¨cy¯ÍK Kv‡jvevRvix‡`i Dchy³ kvw¯’ w`‡Z n‡e| cvV¨cy¯ÍKmn mKj wk¶v DcKi‡Yi g~j¨ Kgv‡Z n‡e| †ij-evm-÷xgv‡i QvÎ Kb‡mkb w`‡Z n‡e| QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi wdwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b miKvix QÎQvqvq mk¯¿ nvgjvKvix‡`i AbycÖ‡ek †iva Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡`i‡K h_vh_ kvw¯’ w`‡Z n‡e| wk¶K‡`i mvgvwRK gh©v`v cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡`i b¨vh¨ `vexmg~n †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e|

3. wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwb‡li `vg Kgv‡Z n‡e Ges abx‡`i wejvm `ª‡e¨i Dci AwZwi³ nv‡i Ki avh© K‡i †ij fvov I mv‡ii `vg Kgv‡Z n‡e| Mixe I ga¨we‡Ëi †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ b~¨bZg Av‡qi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡jvevRvix‡`i h_vh_ kvw¯’i e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. b¨vh¨ AwaKvi cÖwZôvi msMÖv‡g wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK, K…lK I miKvix †emiKvix wbgœ †eZbfy³ Kg©Pvix‡`i `vex †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e| kªwgK‡`i †UªW BDwbqb AwaKvi wdwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e| mKj wbh©vZbg~jK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e| †MÖdZviK…Z kªwgK-Kg©Pvix‡`i gyw³ w`‡Z n‡e| m`¨ †NvwlZ AMYZvwš¿K miKvix Kg©Pvix Aa¨v‡`k evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e|

5. mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Ges c~Y© MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi I evK-e¨w³ msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv wdwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †`k‡cÖwgK ivRe›`x‡`i gyw³ w`‡Z n‡e| ivRvKvi, Avje`i I ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax kw³ I e¨w³e‡M©i ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax lohš¿ cÖwZnZ Kiv Ges gyw³hy×, RvZxq m½xZ, RvZxq cZvKv I exi gyw³‡hv×v we‡ivax e³e¨ eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| gvwK©b kvwšÍevwnbx Avbvi Pzw³ evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e| mvgªvR¨ev`x, cuywRev`x I AvwacZ¨ev`x ZrciZv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|10

cuvP `dvi wfwˇZ 31†k gvP© I 25†k GwcÖj `vwe w`em cvwjZ nq| Gici Av‡›`vjb wb‡¯ÍR n‡q Av‡m| Z‡e ivRkvnx‡Z Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| †kl ch©šÍ 1980 mv‡ji Wt evix‡K mwi‡q wb‡Z eva¨ nq miKvi| wKš‘ ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax GB e¨w³wU‡K miKvi cÖ‡gvkb w`‡q wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb c‡` Avmxb K‡i|miKvi cwieZ©b nIqv m‡Ë¡I `xN© w`b ch©šÍ wZwb GB c‡` envj Av‡Qb|

cÖv_wgK wk¶K‡`i Av‡›`vjb

cÖv_wgK wk¶K‡`i `xN©w`‡bi AvKv•¶v Abyhvqx 1973 mv‡j Zv‡`i c` miKvixKiY Kiv nq Ges Zuv‡`i Avw_©K m”QjZvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| d‡j hyM hy‡Mi Ae‡nwjZ cÖv_wgK wk¶Kiv ¯^w¯Íi wbtk¦vm †cj‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| wKš‘ wRqvDi ingvb miKvi 1980 mv‡j cÖ`Ë GK †NvlYvq cÖv_wgK wk¶K‡`i PvKzix †cŠimfv I ¯’vbxq ms¯’vi nv‡Z b¨¯Í K‡ib| GB AbvKvw•¶Z †NvlYvq wk¶Kiv `viæb ¶zä n‡q Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~Px MÖnY K‡ib| 28†k GwcÖj (1980) wk¶Kiv ag©N‡U kvwgj n‡j miKvi Zv‡`i `vwe we‡ePbvi Avk¦vm †`q| wk¶K‡`i `vwe we‡ePbvi Rb¨ miKvix Kg©KZ©v I wk¶K cÖwZwbwa wb‡q †hŠ_ KwgwUI MwVZ nq| wKš‘ Gici RvZxq msm‡` miKvi wk¶K‡`i PvKzix †emiKvixKiY wej cvk Kwi‡q †bq| d‡j wk¶K‡`i Av‡›`vj‡b hvIqv Qvov Avi †Kvb c_ _vKj bv|

1981 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix †_‡K `yB jvL cÖv_wgK wkÿK jvMvZi ag©NU ïiæ K‡ib| 19 †_‡K 21 †k †deªæqvix XvKvq Zv‡`iHwZnvwmK gnv mgve‡k AbywôZ nq| †mB mgv‡ek †_‡K wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mg_©‡b 10B gvP© †`ke¨vcx niZvj AvnŸvb Kiv nq| miKvi Gevi bwZ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| wKš‘ cieZx©‡Z miKvi cÖ`Ë Avk¦vm †_‡K m‡i Av‡m| d‡j cÖv_wgK wk¶Kiv Avevi Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡gb| wW‡m¤^i gv‡mi (1981) 23 I 24 Zvwi‡L WvKvh gnv we‡¶vf AbywôZ nq| wk¶K‡`i mg_©‡b QvÎ msMVb¸‡jv 30†k wW‡m¤^i †`ke¨vcx QvÎ ag©NU cvjb K‡i| 1983 mv‡j wk¶K‡`i GB `vwe c~iY Kiv n‡qwQj|

wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶K‡`i Av‡›`vjb

1975 mv‡ji ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©‡bi ci †_‡K miKvi wek¦we`¨vjq AwW©b¨v‡Ýi Dci n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq| 1977, 1978 I 1979 mv‡j †NvwlZ nq wZbwU AMYZvwš¿K ms‡kvabx| GQvov wk¶K‡`i AvKvw•¶Z gh©v`v cÖwZôv I Avw_©K ¯^”QjZvi e¨e¯’vI Kiv nqwb| Z`ycwi ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax kw³‡K cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi g‡Zv wek¦we`¨vj‡qI cybtcÖwZwôZ Kiv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Wt evix‡K miv‡bv n‡jI Zv‡K wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb evbv‡bv nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax GKRb wk¶K-Avdmvi DwÏb‡K †cÖv-fvBm P¨v‡Ýjvi Kiv nq|

DwjøwLZ miKvix c`‡¶‡ci cÖwZev‡` wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶Kiv ch©vqµ‡g Av‡›`vj‡b AeZxY© nb| 1978 mv‡j wk¶K‡`i AvKvw•¶Z PviwU †eZb‡¯‹j Dcw¯’Z K‡i wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶K mwgwZ †dWv‡ikb|11 †mB mv‡_ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi cÖwZôvi `vweI †Rv‡i‡mv‡i DÌvwcZ nq| ZrKvjxb wk¶v Dc‡`óv GB `vwei mv‡_ GKgZ nb| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Gi †Kvb cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvqwb| Av‡e`b-wb‡e`b, mv¶vrKvi, mfv BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g `vwe Av`vq bv nIqvq †kl ch©šÍ wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶Kiv cÖZ¨¶ msMÖv‡g AeZxY© nb|

1981 mv‡ji 15B †deªæqvix †_‡K Zuviv ag©NU ïiæ K‡ib| †mB ag©N‡Ui mg_©‡b QvÎ msMVb¸‡jv mwµqfv‡e GwM‡q Av‡m| miKvix QvÎ msNVb ZLb Pµ bxwZ wb‡q Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i Dci nvgjv K‡i| QvÎ BDwbqb mfvcwZ Ave`yj gvbœvb Lvb Zv‡`i nvgjvi wkKvi nb| 9B gvP© GB nvgjvi cÖwZev‡` I wk¶K‡`i `vwei mg_©‡b QvÎ ag©NU cvwjZ n‡qwQj|

miKvix wk¶v D‡`¨vM

mvgwiK-AvgjvZvwš¿K kvm‡bi avivq †`k‡K wPie›`x Kivi j‡¶¨ ˆelg¨g~jK wk¶v e¨e¯’v‡KB cuPvËi cieZx© miKvi we‡klZ wRqvDi ingvb miKvi g```vb K‡i| wk¶v e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b wKsev ms¯‹v‡ii †Zv cÖkœB Av‡m bv| weªwUk-cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dcwb‡ewkK g‡Wj‡KB AviI †cv³ Kivi bxwZ †bq ZrKvjxb miKvi| d‡j awb‡Ki mšÍvb‡`i Rb¨ K¨v‡WU K‡jR I †iwm‡WwÝqvj g‡Wj ¯‹zj‡K AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡ †`qvi cvkvcvwk †`‡k M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K cvðvZ¨ av‡Pi wKÛviMv‡U©b Avi G-I †j‡fj ¯‹zj| kni I MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ wk¶vi ˆelg¨ ZxeªZi n‡Z _v‡K| †mB mv‡_ ZxeªZi ˆelg¨ †`Lv †`q mvaviY gvby‡li wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ D”Pwe‡Ëi wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi| e¨vcK gvby‡li wk¶v Ae‡nwjZB i‡q hvq| †`‡k Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv wbt‡kl Kivi j‡¶¨ gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡Zv e¨vcKZi Kivi miKvix cwiKíbvI GB mg‡q M„nxZ n‡qwQj|

ZrKvjxb miKvi wk¶v wecøeÕ, wbi¶iZv `~i Kiv BZ¨vw` ûsKvi Qvo‡jI ev¯Í‡e wKš‘ mvavi‡Yi wk¶vi mgm¨v MfxiZi Kiv Qvov Avi wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| 1978 mv‡j AšÍeZx© wk¶vbxwZ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡`óv cwil` MwVZ nq| GB cwil‡`i wi‡cvU© I cÖKvwkZ nq|12 wØkvjv I wØZxq cuvPmvjv cwKíbvq wk¶v we¯Ív‡ii †ek wKQz c`‡¶‡ci K_v eiv nq|¹³ wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e wk¶v AvgjvZvwš¿KZvi †Rvqv‡jB Ave× _v‡K| ¯‹z‡ji eB Qvcvi Rb¨ †emiKvix cÖwZôvb‡K †UÛvi †`qv, AcwiKwíZfv‡e K‡jR RvZxqKiY Kiv, wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶vq miKvix wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kib BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g wk¶vi nvj AviI Kiæb n‡q c‡o| ¯^vaxbZvi aviv †_‡K †`k‡K wePz¨Z Kivi djkÖæwZ‡Z †MvUv wk¶v e¨e¯’vB Dcwb‡ewkKZvi `yó ¶Z‡K Mfxifv‡e aviY Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|

wk¶v †mwgbvi

wk¶v‡¶‡Î miKv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax f~wgKv wKš‘ m‡PZb gnj webv evK¨ e¨‡q †g‡b †bqwb| wewfbœ gnj †_‡K Gi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` aŸwbZ n‡qwQj| †ekwKQz wk¶v †mwgbvi GB mg‡q AbywôZ nq| †h¸‡jv‡Z wk¶v mgm¨vi D‡jøLB ïay bq, AvKvw•¶Z wk¶v e¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi c_I Av‡jvwPZ nq| wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶K‡`i †mwgbv‡ii K_v G cÖm‡½ D‡jøL Kiv hvq|

1981 mv‡ji 25 †_‡K 27†k †deªæqvix XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq QvÎ wk¶K †K›`ª wgjbvqZ‡b wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶K mwgwZ †dWv‡ik‡bi D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v I cwiKíbv bv‡g GKwU ¸iæZ¡cY© wk¶v †mwgbvi AbywôZ nq| RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ, wek¦we`¨vjq ¯^vqËkvmb, wk¶vi Rb¨ A_© ms¯’vb, RvZxq Dbœqb I D”P wk¶v, wk¶vi cwi‡ek- GB cuvP fv‡M †mwgbv‡i Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq| Av‡jvPbvi ci mgvwß w`e‡m cÖv_wgK wk¶v, gva¨wgK wk¶v, gv`ªvmv wk¶v, fvlv, e¨q eivÏ, D”P wk¶v cÖf„wZ wel‡q mycvwik Dc¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj| GB mycvwikgvjvq Aóg †kªYx ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi wewea wba©viY Kiv, cÖv_wgK wk¶v e¨e¯’vi Avï msKU `~i Kiv| gva¨wgK ch©v‡q KvwiMix I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi cÖmvi NUv‡bv| gv`ªvmv wk¶v‡K mvaviY wk¶vi AšÍfy³ Kiv (GB ai‡bi mgvšÍivj aviv bv ivLv), D”P wk¶vi eûwea msKU `~i Kiv (cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© ms¯’vb, Dchy³ wk¶K wb‡qvM, MÖš’vMvi I M‡elYvMv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv BZ¨vw`), wek¦we`¨vjq ¯^vqËkvmb wbwðZ Kiv, wk¶v½‡b miKv‡i Abwf‡cÖZ n¯Í‡¶c bxwZ evwZj K‡i wk¶vi cwi‡ek DbœZ Kiv BZ¨vw` e³e¨ ¯’vb †c‡qwQj|¹⁴

HK¨e× msMÖv‡gi cÖwµqv

1978 mv‡j ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡b †Rbv‡ij Imgvbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ miKvi we‡ivax mvZ `jxq MYZvwš¿K †RvU MwVZ nq| H †RvU Aek¨ ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb ch©šÍB mwµq _v‡K| c‡ii eQi AbywôZ msm` wbe©vP‡bB †RvU Avi HK¨e× _v‡Kbv, eis Zviv `jMZfv‡e wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|15 msm` wbe©vP‡bi ci mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnv‡ii Av‡M cÂg ms‡kvabx cvk Kiv‡bvi I †m HK¨ Avi cÖwZwôZ nqwb, wKsev Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv hvqwb| Z‡e 1979 †_‡K `ªe¨g~‡j¨i A¯^vfvweK Dae©MwZ, cwienb fvov e„w×, Liv-`ywf©¶ BZ¨vw`i cÖwZev‡` Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| GB mg‡q kªwgK, K…lK cÖf„wZ †kªYx I ¯Í‡ii D‡`¨v‡MI Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv N‡U| 1980 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m ivRkvnx †R‡j nZ¨vKv‡Ûi cÖwZev‡` `k `jxq HK¨‡RvU M‡o I‡V| wKš‘ GB †RvU miKvix loh‡š¿ I †RvUfy³‡`i KviI KviI åvšÍ c`‡¶‡ci Kvi‡Y †ewkw`b mwµq _vK‡Z cv‡iwb|¹⁶ wRqvDi ingvb wbnZ nIqvi ci AbwyôZ ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡b MYZvwš¿K kw³ HK¨e× n‡j †h weR‡qi m¤¢vebv wQj ZvI †Rbv‡ij Imgvbx I AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Kvi‡Y m¤¢e nqwb|¹⁷

1981 mvj †_‡K MYZvwš¿K-cÖMwZkxj QvÎ msMVb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ HK¨e× nIqvi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| wk¶v mgm¨v, ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax aviv, cÖMwZ we‡ivax c`‡¶c I RbRxe‡bi msK‡Ui weiæ‡× msMÖvg Kivi j¶¨ wb‡q 1982 mv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K mvZwU QvÎ msMVb HK¨e× nq|¹⁸ H eQ‡ii 23†k gvP© msMÖv‡gi `k `dv Kg©m~PxI PzovšÍ Kiv nq| 25†k gvP© evqZzj †gvKvii‡g AbwyôZe¨ Rbmfvq `k `dv Kg©m~Px wfwËK msMÖv‡gi †NvlYv †`IqviI cwiKíbv Kiv n‡qwQj|

wKš‘ Zvi c~‡e©B evsjv‡`‡k wØZxq `dv mvgwiK AvBb Rvix n‡q hvq| we.Gb.wcÕi AmvgwiK ivóªcwZ wePvicwZ Ave`ym mvËvi‡K mwi‡q abev`x-mv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZi aviv‡K AviI ZxeªZi Kivi j¶¨ wb‡q †mbv cÖavb †Rbv‡ij Gikv` 24†kgvP© 9182) mvgwiK AvBb Rvixi gva¨‡g ¶gZvq AwawôZ nb|

Z_¨ wb‡`©k

1. 1976 mv‡ji RyjvBgv‡mi †klw`‡K mvgwiKmiKvi ivR‰bwZK `jwewa Rvix K‡i| GB wewai AvIZvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU `j‡K AmsL¨ wewawb‡la †g‡b ZrciZv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Rvbv‡Z nq miKv‡ii Kv‡Q| GB mg‡q wewfbœ †`k‡cÖwgK `‡ji cvkvcvwk mv¤cÖ`vwqK, †gŠjev`x Ges ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivaxivI ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv Pvjv‡bvi miKvix Aby‡gv`b †c‡q hvq| KviY H mg‡q msweav‡bi 38 aviv evwZj Kivq gymwjg jxM, RvgvZ cÖf„wZ kw³i ivRbxwZ Kivi †Kvb evav wQjbv|

2. mvgwiK AvBb envj‡i‡L †Rbv‡ij wRhvDi ingvb †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vPb K‡ib (1978) Ges c‡ii eQi cvj©v‡g›U wbe©vPb m¤úbœ K‡ib| Dfq wbe©vP‡bB †Rbv‡ij wRqvi c¶ Rqx nq| msm‡` Õ75 †_‡K Õ79 ch©šÍ Rvix Kiv mvgwiK digvb msweav‡bi A½xf~Z K‡i msweav‡bi cÂg ms‡kvabx cvk Kiv‡bv nq Ges Gici mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq|

3. cuPvˇii ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©‡bi ci †_‡K †Rbv‡ij wRqv ax‡i ax‡i wb‡R ¶gZvi kx‡l© Av‡ivnb K‡ib| 1977 mv‡ji ci †_‡K wZwb AvIqvgx jxM b¨vc KwgDwb÷ cvwU© cÖf„wZ †`k‡cÖwgK cÖMwZkxj MYZvwš¿K kw³i we‡ivax kw³‡K Zvi Pvicv‡k mg‡eZ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| gvIev`x, mvgªvR¨ev`, †Nulv `w¶Y cš’x-cÖwZwµqvkxj, cvwK¯Ívbcš’x, mv¤cÖ`vwqK cÖf„wZ †jvKRb wb‡q GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j M‡o I‡V Ges GBme †jvKRb miKv‡iI ¯’vb cvq| mvgwiK kvm‡bi g‡a¨ ivóªcwZ I msm` wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g G‡`i wb‡q GKwU ivR‰bwZK aviv M‡o †Zvjv nq| mv¤ªvR¨ev` I cÖwZwµqvi ¯^v‡_© Aeva abev`x weKv‡ki j‡¶¨ †emvgwiK †gvo‡K mvwgiK kvm‡bi GB aviv cvKv‡cv³fv‡e Pvjy nq 1979 †_‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z GB avivi cÖfve my`yicÖmvix nq| ¯^vaxbZv, MYZš¿ I mgvR cÖMwZi c‡¶i †`kx we‡`kx kw³i f~wgKv A¯^xKvi K‡i weK…Z BwZnvm Dc¯’vcb KivB GB avivi g~j ˆewk‡ó¨ cwiYZ n‡qwQj|

4. evsjv‡`k QvÎ BDwbqb, †lvok RvZxq m‡¤§j‡b (10-11 GwcÖj, 1981) cÖ`Ë mvaviY m¤úv`K Kvgiæj Avnmvb Lv‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b, c„ôv 15|

5. GB msMVb¸‡jv n‡”Q RvZxq QvÎ`j, RvZxq QvÎ Av‡›`vjb, evsjv‡`k QvÎ BDwbqb, wecøex QvÎ BDwbqb, evsjv‡`k QvÎ jxM I gyw³‡hv×v msm`|

6. Rbkw³gš¿x Gm.G. evix I wk¶v cÖwZgš¿x Gg.G. ev‡Zb †mB mg‡q ivRkvnx md‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i mv‡_ QvÎ wk¶K‡`i mvivivZ a‡i Av‡jvPbv nq Ges †kl ch©šÍ gš¿xiv QvÎ wk¶K‡`i `vexi mv‡_ HK¨g‡Z †cŠu‡QwQ‡jb|

7. ˆ`wbK msev`, 21†k gvP©, 1979|

8. †K›`ªxqfv‡e evsjv‡`k QvÎ BDwbqb, evsjv‡`k QvÎ jxM, QvÎ jxM (gvbœv) I QvÎ mwgwZi AvnŸv‡b cÖwZev` Kg©m~Px †NvwlZ nq| GB PviwU QvÎ msMV‡bi mv‡_ c‡i wecøex QvÎ BDwbqb †hvM †`q| cuvPwU msMVb wg‡j †K›`ªxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ n‡qwQj|

9. ˆ`wbK msev`, 22†k gvP©, 1979|

10. ˆ`wbK msev`, 25†k gvP©, 1979|

11. cÖ¯ÍvewZ GB e‡Zb †¯‹‡j cÖfvlK‡`iRb¨ 1150-65-1900 UvKv, mnKvix Aa¨vcK‡`i 1850-75-2450 UvKv, mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK‡`i 25-100-2850 Ges cÖ‡dmi‡`i Rb¨ 3000 UvKv `vwe Kiv n‡qwQj|

DׄZ t wk¶v I cwiKíbv, evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶K mwgwZ †dWv‡ikb (wW‡m¤^i, 1981), f~wgKv t c„ôv wZb|

12. ZrKvjxb wk¶vgš¿x KvRx Rvdi Avng` wQ‡jb GB wk¶v Dc‡`óv cwil‡`i mfvcwZ, c‡i wk¶v cÖwZgš¿x Gg.G. ev‡Zb Zvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| GB cwil‡`i cÖbxZ wi‡cvU© miKvixfv‡e M„nxZ nqwb|

13. 1978-80 GB `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ GKwU wØmvjv cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq| G‡Z wk¶v‡¶‡Î wewfbœ ¯‹zj-K‡jR Dbœqb, 3wU bZzb K¨v‡WU K‡jR ¯’vcb Ges †iwm‡WwÝqvj g‡Wj ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡K K¨v‡WU K‡j‡R iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡jb Kg©m~Px †bIqv nq| 1980-85 mgqKv‡ji Rb¨ cÖYxZ wØZxq cuvPmvjv cwiKíbvq `yB nvRvi bZzb cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj ¯’vcb I 4 †KvwU wbi¶i‡K wkw¶Z Kivi cwiKíbv †bIqv nq| ev¯—‡e Aek¨ GB me cwiKíbvi ev¯—evqb we‡kl wKQzB nqwb|

14. wk¶v I cwiKíbv (1981) c„ôv t 413-416|

15. msm` wbe©vP‡b †`k‡cÖwgK MYZvwš¿K cÖMwZkxj kw³i g‡a¨ (b~b¨Zg AvIqvgx jxM, b¨vc I KwgDwb÷ cvwU©) HK¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡j miKvix `j‡K bv¯Ívbvey` Kiv †h‡Zv| mwZ¨Kv‡ii MY Av‡›`vjb M‡o IVvi cwiw¯’wZ m„w÷ n‡Zv Ges †`k‡cÖwgK kw³ A‡bK †ewk Avmb †c‡Z cvi‡Zv| wKš‘ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi msKxY©Zvi Rb¨ GB HK¨ nqwb|

16. `k `jxq †Rv‡U kixK wQj AvIqvgx jxM, Rvm`, KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, b¨vc (†gvt),b¨vc (nvt), GKZv cvwU©, AvIqvgx cvwU© (wgRvb), MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb (†gbb), MY AvRv`x jxM I kªwgK K…lK mgvRev`x `j| GB †RvU fv½vi †cQ‡b miKv‡ii nvZ wQj Ges Rvm‡`i †Kvb †Kvb †bZv GB e¨vcv‡i we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| †mB mg‡q lohš¿g~jK fv‡e `k`jxq †Rv‡Ui RbmfvqI †Mvj‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡qwQj|

17. `k `jxq †RvU I †Rbv‡ij Imgvbxmn e„nËi HK¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡j we.Gb.wc cÖv_x© wePvicwZ mvËvi‡K civf~Z Kiv †h‡Zv Ges mvgwiK kvmb Rvixi cvqZviv bm¨vZ Kivi m¤¢vebv m„wó Kiv †h‡Zv e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e GB HK¨ m¤¢e nqwb|

wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi mv¤cÖwZK ch©vq

wØZxq mvgwiK Afy¨Ìv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i kvmb‡K mvsweavwbK iƒc †`qv| †`k‡K abev`x‡`i jyUcv‡Ui Aeva †¶‡Î cwiYZ Kiv|G‡`k‡K mvgªvR¨ev` I ga¨cÖv‡P¨i †c‡UªvWjv‡ii Aeva †kvl‡Yi jxjvf~wg‡Z cwiYZ Kiv| mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv‡K AviI cÖmvwiZ n‡Z †`qv cÖf„wZ bxwZ I c`‡¶‡ci c_ A‡bK myMg n‡qwQj| mvgwiK KZ©viv †me K_v we‡kl K‡i mvgwiK evwnbxi Askx`vwi‡Z¡i K_v ¶gZv `L‡ji Av‡M †_‡K ejv ïiæ K‡ib|1 Zv‡`i Abym„Z abev`x-mv¤cÖ`vwqK bxwZi cÖwZdjb wk¶v †¶‡ÎI `„wó‡MvPi nq| hvi cÖwZev‡` G‡`‡k i³v³ Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V|

1982 mv‡ji 5B †m‡Þ¤^i mvgwiK miKv‡ii gš¿xcwil` bxwZMZfv‡e wk¶v ms¯‹v‡i cÖ¯Íve Aby‡gv`b K‡i| GB ms¯‹vi Kg©myPx‡Z gva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ wk¶v e¨e¯’v cybwe©b¨v‡mi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq| GB cÖ¯Íve †gvZv‡eK 5 eQi †gqv`x cÖv_wgK ¯Íi, 3 eQi †gqv`x cÖ¯‘Zg~jK ¯Íi Ges cieZx© 4 eQi †gqv`x gva¨wgK ¯Íi A_©vr †gvU 12 eQi ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶vi e¨vwß| GB cÖ¯Ív‡e cÖ_g †kªYx †_‡K Aviex I wØZxq †kªYx †_‡K Bs‡iRx wk¶vi K_v ejv nq|2 me wgwj‡q cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡KB GKRb wkï‡K gvZ…fvlvmn wZbwU fvlv wkL‡Z n‡e| GB cÖ¯—v‡ei ev¯—evqb n‡j fvlvi †evSvq Ges 12 eQ‡ii ci mvwU©wd‡KU-GB `xN©Zvq A‡b‡Ki wk¶vRxebB †h AKv‡i †kl n‡Zv A_©vr wk¶v AviI msKzwPZ n‡Zv- Zv Aek¨ ejvB evûj¨| 23†k b‡f¤^i ZrKvjxb wk¶v, ag©, µxov I ms¯‹…wZ welqK gš¿x W. Ave`yj gwR` Lvb bZzb wk¶vbxwZi iƒc‡iLv †NvlYv K‡ib| 7B b‡f¤^i (1982) Zvwi‡L GB †NvlYv RvwZi cÖ‡qvR‡b wk¶v bvgK cyw¯ÍKv AvKv‡i Qvcv n‡qwQj| 10 c„ôvi GB cyw¯ÍKvq cÖ_gZ weivRgvb wk¶v mgm¨v I Zvi KviY we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wk¶v ms¯‹v‡ii cÖavb evav wn‡m‡e wk¶K I ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv‡K `vqx Kiv n‡q‡Q H cyw¯ÍKvq|3 wewfbœ K‡j‡R Abvm© I gvóvm© wWMÖx †Kvm© cÖeZ©b‡K wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb n«v‡mi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq|4 wek¦we`¨vj‡q ¯^vqËkvmb cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j †mLv‡b M‡elYv, weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ D™¢vebv e¨nZ n‡”Q e‡j W.gwR` Lv‡bi cyw¯ÍKvq AwfgZ e¨³ Kiv nq|5 cyw¯ÍKvq wØZxq ch©v‡q ms¯‹vi I cybweb¨v‡mi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Aóg †kªYx ch©šÍ wk¶v‡K mve©Rbxb PwiÎ `vb, wk¶v_x©i Ávb ¯ú„nv e„w× I `¶Zv AR©‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY| wk¶v e¨e¯’vq eûgyLx my‡hvM m„wó KivÑ BZ¨vw`‡K bqv wk¶vKbxwZi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ e‡i D‡jøL Kiv nq|6 GB cyw¯ÍKvq wk¶vi PviwU ¯Í‡ii D‡jøL Kiv nq t 5 eQ‡ii cÖv_wgK wk¶v, 3 eQ‡ii cÖ¯‘wZg~jK ¯Íi, 4 eQ‡ii gva¨wgK ¯Íi, Gici D”P wk¶vi ¯Íi| †h †Kvb PvKzix cÖvwßi Rb¨ D”P gva¨wgK cvk Kiv Avek¨K Kiv nq|7 cÖv_wgK wk¶K‡`i cÖwk¶‡Yi †gqv` evwo‡q `yÕeQi Kivi K_v ejv nq|8 `kg †kªYxi ci mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi gvb wba©viY I cieZx© wk¶vi Rb¨ †hvM¨Zv gvcv Z_v evQvB Kivi weavbI GLv‡b ivLv nq|9 cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q gvZ…fvlv QvovI Aviex I Bs‡iRx cov‡bvi Rb¨ e¨e¯’v ivLv nq| GQvov wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b ivRbxwZ wbwl× Kivi K_vI H cyw¯ÍKvq ejv nq|10

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miKvix wk¶v †NvlYvi cÖwZev`

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